John Tylers Presidency and the Tyler Precedent

John Tyler, the first vice president to finish the term of a president who had died in office, established a pattern in 1841 that would be followed for more than a century. The Constitution was not entirely clear about what would happen if a president died. And when William Henry Harrison died in the White House on April 4, 1841, some in the government believed his vice president would only become an acting president whose decisions would need the approval of Harrisons cabinet. Fast Facts: Tyler Precedent Named for John Tyler, the first vice president to become president upon the death of a president.Tyler was told by members of William Henrys Harrison that he was essentially only an acting president.Cabinet members insisted any decisions made by Tyler had to meet with their approval.Tyler stuck to his position, and the precedent he set remained in forced until the Constitution was amended in 1967. As funeral preparations began for President Harrison, the federal government was thrown into a crisis. On one side, members of Harrisons cabinet, who had no great trust in Tyler, did not want to see him exercise the full powers of the presidency. John Tyler, who possessed a fiery temper, forcefully disagreed. His stubborn assertion that he had rightfully inherited the full powers of the office became known as the Tyler Precedent. Not only did Tyler become the president, exercising all the powers of the office, but the precedent he set remained the blueprint for presidential succession until the Constitution was amended in 1967. Vice Presidency Considered Unimportant For the first five decades of the United States, the vice presidency was not considered a vitally important office. While the first two vice presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, were later elected president, they both found the vice presidency to be a frustrating position. In the controversial election of 1800, when Jefferson became president, Aaron Burr became vice president. Burr is the best-known vice president of the early 1800s, though he is mainly remembered for killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel while vice president. Some vice presidents took the jobs one defined duty, presiding over the Senate, quite seriously. Others were said to hardly care about it. Martin Van Buren’s vice president, Richard Mentor Johnson, had a very relaxed view of the job. He owned a tavern in his home state of Kentucky, and while vice president he took a lengthy leave of absence from Washington to go home and run his tavern. The man who followed Johnson in the office, John Tyler, became the first vice president to show how important the person in the job could become. Death of a President John Tyler had started his political career as a Jeffersonian Republican, serving in the Virginia legislature and as the state’s governor. He eventually was elected to the US Senate, and when he became an opponent of Andrew Jackson’s policies he resigned his Senate seat in 1836 and switched parties, becoming a Whig. Tyler was tapped as the running mate of Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in 1840. The legendary â€Å"Log Cabin and Hard Cider† campaign was fairly free of issues, and Tyler’s name was featured in the legendary campaign slogan, â€Å"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!† Harrison was elected, and caught a cold at his inauguration while delivering a lengthy inaugural address in very bad weather. His illness developed into pneumonia, and died on April 4, 1841, a month after taking office. Vice president John Tyler, at home in Virginia and unaware of the seriousness of the presidents illness, was informed that the president had died. The Constitution Was Unclear Tyler returned to Washington, believing he was the president of the United States. But he was informed that the Constitution wasnt precisely clear about that. The relevant wording in the Constitution, in Article II, section 1, said: â€Å"In case of removal of the President from office, or of his death, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The question arose: what did the framers mean by the word â€Å"same†? Did it mean the presidency itself, or merely duties of the office? In other words, in the event of a president’s death, would the vice president become an acting president, and not actually the president? Back in Washington, Tyler found himself being referred to as â€Å"the vice president, acting as president.† Critics referred to him as â€Å"His Accidency.† Tyler, who was staying at a Washington hotel (there was no vice presidential residence until modern times), summoned Harrison’s cabinet. The cabinet informed Tyler that he was not actually the president, and any decisions he would make in office would have to be approved by them. John Tyler Held His Ground â€Å"I beg your pardon, gentlemen,† Tyler said. â€Å"I am sure I am very glad to have in my cabinet such able statesmen as you have proved yourselves to be, and I shall be pleased to avail myself of your counsel and advice, but I can never consent to being dictated to as to what I shall or shall not do. I, as president, will be responsible for my administration. I hope to have your cooperation in carrying out its measures. So long as you see fit to do this I shall be glad to have you with me. When you think otherwise, your resignations will be accepted.† Tyler thus claimed the full powers of the presidency. And the members of his cabinet backed down from their threat. A compromise suggested by Daniel Webster, the secretary of state, was that Tyler would take the oath of office, and would then be the president. After the oath was administered, on April 6, 1841, all the officers of the government accepted that Tyler was the president and possessed the full powers of the office. The taking of the oath thus came to be seen as the moment when a vice president becomes president. Tylers Rough Term In Office A headstrong individual, Tyler clashed mightily with the Congress and with his own cabinet, and his single term in office was very rocky. Tyler’s cabinet changed several times. And he became estranged from the Whigs and was essentially a president without a party. His one noteworthy achievement as president would have been the annexation of Texas, but the Senate, out of spite, delayed that until the next president, James K. Polk, could take credit for it. The Tyler Precedent Was Established The presidency of John Tyler was most significant for the way it began. By establishing the â€Å"Tyler Precedent,† he ensured that future vice presidents would not become acting presidents with restricted authority. It was under the Tyler Precedent that the following vice presidents became president: Millard Fillmore, following the death of Zachary Taylor in 1850Andrew Johnson, following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865Chester Alan Arthur, following the assassination of James Garfield in 1881Theodore Roosevelt, following the assassination of William McKinley in 1901Calvin Coolidge, following the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923Harry Truman, following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945Lyndon B. Johnson, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 Tyler’s action was essentially affirmed, 126 years later, by the 25th Amendment, which was ratified in 1967. After serving his term in office, Tyler returned to Virginia. He remained politically active, and sought to forestall the Civil War by convening a controversial peace conference. When efforts to avoid war failed, he was elected to the Confederate congress, but died in January 1862, before he could take his seat.

A Report On The Accounting Software - 1219 Words

Created a report for Auditors that displays Accounts receivables from previous years that have been paid off this year. Made phone calls to customers with past due invoices. Received access to Great Plains accounting software. 2/25/15- Assisted the auditors in locating source documents that they were looking for and needed. Most of the source documents were related to accounts payable. Specifically, they wanted to check the employee reimbursement checks to ensure that they were being reported properly for both book and tax purposes. For book purposes meals and entertainment are counted as a full expense but for tax purpose only half of the expense is deductible. I got to learn a lot more about book-tax differences from the auditors, such†¦show more content†¦A key factor of the lunch was communication, in which people were both talking business but at the same time building a relationship by getting to know each other and talking about their past. 2/26/16- Created an excel workbook â€Å"Deferred Revenue Balance-2016† that highlights deferred revenue. The sheet was at first intended to assist the auditors in performing their job but it will be re-used to help validate that the company is properly recognizing deferred revenue when it is earned. The reason for re-using the spreadsheet is because the company has gotten more customers than usual, who wish to pay in advance. This advanced payment creates a liability, that needs to be recognized properly. The spreadsheet was created by creating a smartlist using Great plains that displays all information related to Deferred Revenue. After creating the smartlist, the information was exported into an excel spreadsheet â€Å"Deferred Revenue Transactions†, which was all that the auditors required. Then to re-use the workbook a new sheet â€Å"Deferred Revenue Balance† was added, which pulled information from the first sheet through formulas. After creating the form ulas on the second spreadsheet, any information inputted into the first sheet was moved to the second sheet in a more organized and informative display, which also displayed whether debits and credits were balanced. Now the workbook will be updated on a monthly basis to ensure proper recognition of Deferred Revenue. To

Macbeth 87 Essay Example For Students

Macbeth 87 Essay In the play Macbeth, there were many interesting sections which could be concentrated on due to the suspense and the involvement of the supernatural. The use of the supernatural in the witches, the visions, the ghost, and the apparitions is a key element in making the concept of the play work and in making the play interesting. Looking through each Act and Scene of the play, it is noticed that the supernatural is definitely a major factor on the plays style. The use of the supernatural occurs at the beginning of the play, with three witches predicting the fate of Macbeth. This gives the audience a clue to what the future holds for Macbeth. When the battles lost and won (Act I, Scene I, l.4) was said by the second witch. It says that every battle is lost by one side and won by another. Macbeths fate is that he will win the battle, but will lose his time of victory for the battle of his soul. After the prophecies of the witches revealed the fate of Macbeth, the plan in which to gain power of the throne is brought up. The only way to gain power of the throne was for Macbeth to work his way to the throne, or to murder King Duncan. Murdering the king was an easier plan since the motivation in his dreams urged him on. Lady Macbeth also relied on the supernatural by her soliloquy of calling upon the evil spirits to give her the power to plot the murder of Duncan without any remorse or conscience (Act I, Scene V, ll. 42-57). The three sisters are capable of leading people into danger resulting in death, such as the sailor who never slept (Act I, Scene III, ll.1-37). Lady Macbeth has convinced her husband Macbeth to murder King Duncan. On the night they planned to kill Duncan, Macbeth is waiting for Lady Macbeth to ring the signal bell to go up the stairs to Duncans chamber. He sees the vision of the floating dagger. The interest of the dagger is that it leads Macbeth towards the chamber by the presence of evil of the dagger being covered with blood. Then the bell rings and Macbeth stealthily proceeds up the staircase to Duncans chamber. Once the murder has been committed, eventually Banquo has his suspicions about Macbeth killing Duncan to have power of the throne. There is constantly more guilt and fear inside Macbeth and his wife that they decide to have Banquo killed. Macbeth and his wife attend a banquet in which a ghost appears. Once the murderer notified Macbeth that the deed was done, he observed the ghost of Banquo sitting in his regular seat. This caused Macbeth to act in a wild manner, making people suspicious of his actions. (Act III, Scene VI, ll.31-120). The use of the supernatural has increased the suspense now that Macbeth is constantly relying on the prophecies of the three witches. Hecate, the Queen of witches is angry with the three sisters for not involving her in their encounters with Macbeth. The witches plan to lead Macbeth to his downfall by making him feel over-confident. (Act III, Scene V, ll.1-35). Further on in the play, Macbeth finds his way to the witches cave and demands to know what lies ahead for him. The three witches predict what he is going to ask and produce the first apparition which is an armed head. Macbeth!, Macbeth!, Macbeth!, beware of Macduff; beware thane of Fife. Dismiss me: enough. (Act VI, Scene I, ll.77-78). The first apparition tells Macbeth to beware of Macduff. Then the second apparition appears (a bloody child), and says: Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth. .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 , .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .postImageUrl , .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 , .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9:hover , .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9:visited , .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9:active { border:0!important; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9:active , .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9 .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03d7606131127fd71951390ee47b9ef9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The texts you have studied Essay (Act IV, Scene I, ll.85-87). This apparition informs Macbeth that no man born from a woman can harm him. finally, the last apparition appears and is a child crowned, with a tree in his hand. The apparition is saying that he will never be defeated until Great Birnam wood shall come against him to High Dunsinane Hill. Be lion melted, proud, and take no care who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are: Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until Great Birnam wood to High Dunsinane Hill shall come against him. (Act VI, Scene I, ll.98-102). These apparitions convinced Macbeth that this was his fate and became over confident, and lead him to his death. The use of the supernatural in Macbeth results quite well with the respect of the unknown. Without the witches, the ghost, the visions, and the apparitions, Macbeth would have been a dull and tiresome play. Even todays readers need motivation to read, and this ancient superstition of spirits enhanced the play dramatically.BibliographyEnglish Essays